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Guo Songling [ edit ]

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Guo Songling
Guo Songling.jpg
Guo Songling
BornQing DynastyFengtian Tianfu deep fishing Qiao village, town
Passed awayFlag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg Liaozhong County Laodafang
LifetimeFlag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg
ServiceFlag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg Fengfeng
Year of service1905 - 1925
CommandGuangdong, Hunan and Jiangxi border supervision staff 
Guangdong Guard barracks long 
Northeast Army Institutetactics instructor 
Fengjun chief of staff and chief of the second grouphead
Fengjun eighth brigadeBrigadier
vice Fengjun Third Armycommander
Fengjun Yu Jing troops Command Deputy Command
Participate in the warThe first direct war in the war for the
second time
Guo Songling (1883 - December 25th, 2525 ) [1] , word Mao Yu , Feng Tian Fu (now Shenyang City ) Sham Tseng Town Fishery Village, ancestral home in Shuyang County , Shanxi Province . Late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China Manchurian generals, who Zhang Xueliang of the instructors. After revolted anti-Bong failure, was killed.

table of Contents

  [ hide ] 
  • 1In the early years of the League
  • 2in law enforcement military government
  • 3Feng Bing generals
  • 4Dissatisfaction with Chang Zuolin
  • 5Mutiny defeats
  • 6behind
  • 7References
    • 7.1Reference
    • 7.2Source

Early in the League [ edit ]

In 1905 ( 31st year of Guangxu ), Guo Songling joined the Army Elementary School of Fengtian . Due to excellent grades, the jubilee was sent to the army accelerated school . In 1907 (33 years Guangxu) graduated. After an internship in the third town of the Beiyang Army , he returned to Fengtian and was appointed as the commander of the General Shengjing Gate Guard. In 1909 (the first year of Xuantong ), with Zhu Qingxi's defense, he went to Sichuan Province to guard the guard band. During this period, he was introduced by Fang Shengtao and Ye Hao and joined the China Alliance . In 1911 (Xuantong three years), the revolutionaries in Sichuan launched an uprising and the situation was confusing. Guo Songxi returned to Fengtian and planned the revolution. [2] However, Zhao Erxuanand Chang Zuolin were arrested and imprisoned by law enforcement agencies. After the same period of student support, Guo Songling was finally released. [3] [4]
In 1912 (the first year of the Republic of China ), Guo Songling entered Beijing to study at the school. After graduating with outstanding achievements, Guo Songling returned to Fengtian. Guo Songling Ren Fengtian Supervising Department of the Military Major Staff, in 1913 (two years of the Republic of China) autumn, admitted to the Beijing Army University (now the Army Reference Institute ) advanced studies (study class) third period. [5] : 5 In 1916 (in five years of the Republic of China), he graduated from Beijing to serve as instructor of the Wuting Hall in Beijing.

In the law enforcement military government [ edit ]

In July of 1917 (six years of the Republic of China), Sun Yat-sen began to defend the law . In August, Sun Yat-sen organized a law enforcement military government in Guangzhou and Guo Songling went to Sun. [6] :200 Coincides with former boss Zhu Qingzhao as governor of Guangdong Province, Guo Yan was appointed as a staff officer of the Guangdong-Guangxi Xiangbian District Public Security Department and a guardian of the Guangdong Provincial Guards, and later transferred to the Shaoguan Zhongwu instructor. [6] : 200 At that time, he met and Sun Yat-sen, on GuiJun been increased powers to discuss strategy. In 1918 (the 7th year of Republic of China), the law-enforcement military government was changed to the presidential system. [7] [8] [4] In May, Sun retired under the oppression of the warlords, Guo could not stay in Guangzhou, and he returned to Fengtian. He was recommended by Feng Hua , the same officer of the Army University and recommended by Qin Hua , chief of staff of the Fengtian Inspector General’s Department , to enter Fengtian. The Military Overseer served as a staffer of the Major. [6] :200

General Feng Bing [ Edit ]

In February 1919 (8th year of the Republic of China), Chang Tso-lin reconstructed the Army of the Three Provinces of East China as a military commander and Guo was appointed as a tactical instructor. He became acquainted with Zhang Xueliang’sstudy in Wuwutang. [6] : 200 Zhang Xueliang pays homage to Guo's outstanding ability and insight. In 1920 (in 9th year of the Republic of China), Zhang Xueliang graduated from the martial arts hall. Chang Tso-lin promoted him to serve as the travel brigade of the Guards of the three provinces in the east and left the second regiment leader. Zhang Xueliang recommended Guo Songling and his generation [9] :12 . At that time, Zhang Xueliang relied on his father to appoint Guo Songling as the chief of the brigade and head of the second regiment. [10] [11] [4]
After serving as the chief of staff, Guo Songling engaged in army training work, making Zhang Xueliang's Guards brigade one of the few elite troops in the Feng system. In July of the same year, the war broke out. Chang Tso-lin Guo Songling was appointed as commander of the vanguard, stood in direct party to the war, in Tianjin annihilation station Wan line of two brigades. Since then, Guo Songling has made a lot of contributions to crusade against the thief in northeast China and gradually gained the trust of Zhang Zuolin. [12]
In May 1921 (10 years of the Republic of China), Zhang Zuolin served as director of the Mongolian Territory and expanded the Fengtian Army into 10 mixed brigades. At this time, Zhang Xueliang was appointed as the third mixed brigadier, Guo Songling was promoted to the eighth hybrid brigade commander. [11] The third and eighth brigades organized joint headquarters. Zhang Xueliang assigned Guo Songtao the responsibility for the operation and training of the army. In April of 1922 (11th year of the Republic of China), the first time the first war was served directly , the Feng system was defeated. Zhang Xueliang and Guo Songling led the Third Hybrid Brigade and the Eighth Hybrid Brigade to be very skilled and did not suffer losses and retreat in an orderly manner. After that, Chang Tso-lin set up an army reorganization office. Zhang Xueliang was the chief of staff of the office, and Guo Songling was acting chief of staff, responsible for the organization and training of the army. [11] [4] Guo Songling made a speech to Zhang Zuolin and proposed the modernization of the rest-of-people and internal affairs, but it was not accepted. [13]

Dissatisfaction with Chang Zuolin [ edit ]

In September of 1924 (13th year of the Republic of China), the second time the direct warfare erupted, Guo Songling was the deputy chief of the 3rd army of the Weizheng army and the commander of the sixth division. Guo Songling contributed to the victory of Feng Department. Zhang Xueliang and Guo Songling were respectively appointed commander and deputy commander of the Beijing Garrison Command. [11] However, at that time, the Chief of Staff of the Weizheng Army Headquarters Command (Chief Commander Zhang Zuoling), Yang Yushun considered Guo Songling as the largest political opponent, and tried to squeeze it out. The opposition between the two was deepened. Moreover, Guo Songling was dissatisfied with Chang Tso-lin’s policy of continuing the war. Mrs. Guo Han Shuxiu is a graduate of Yanjing University . He is a fellow student with Feng Yuxiang's wife Li Dequan. His feelings are very good and his past is also very close. [14] : 364 At this time, it has been linked to the “ third international ”. North and Soviet ambassadors to China, Galahan , and South and Borodin are secretly returning. [14] :364 As for the Soviet Union’s support of the “ National Army ” of the Feng’s ammunition, and the consultation activities of the Communist International in Feng Junzhong, it has long been no secret. [14] : 364 All these are fresh stimuli to Guo. [14] :364 If there is an affair with Feng Liancheng after an upset, and if he gets the aid from the Soviet Union, then North China willdecide. [14] :365Therefore, during the second Zhifeng War, Guo had already contacted Feng and attempted to defeat Chang Tso-lin. [15]
In October 1925 (fourteen years of the Republic of China), Guo visited Japan to inspect the military. During this period, he learned that Zhang Zuolin, who continued his military expansion, was backed by Japan, and Chang Tso-lin also provided convenience for Japan’s expansion of various interests. For this reason, Guo Yuefa felt distrust and resentment against Zhang Zuolin and Japan. In mid-November, Guo returned to Japan to observe the operatives, and he and Fung set seven offensive and defensive alliances. [14] : 365 Guo accepted the commission of Zhang Xueliang and organized a third-party army (consisting of 3 troops) in Tianjin. Guo was appointed as commander of the 10th Army. [16]
In November, the national army led by Feng Jun and Feng Yuxiang collided. Zhang Zuolin ordered Guo to punish the Kuomintang and was rejected by Guo. Huanghuagang七十二烈士 one Lin Jue Min 's brother, " Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China " one of the makers Lin Chang-min when he was Secretary-General, aware of Chang Tso-lin, Yang Yuting crusade plot. In 1924, Lin Changmin published an open letter to “Affirming the Japanese” to criticize Japan’s China policy. Guo attempted to hold Zhang Xueliang. However, Zhang Xueliang expressed his approval of Guo Songling’s claim to stop the civil war but expressed opposition to the mutiny . [17]

Mutiny defeated [ edit ]

File:Gslff.jpg
Guo Jun shelled in the army
Zhang Zuolin’s Feng Jun and Feng Yuxiang ’s national army continued to be in tension, and the army with Sun Chuanfang and Wu Peifu also continued to oppose each other. On November 22, Guo demanded that Chang Tso-lin be out of the field and launch a mutiny [18] to start a military campaign aimed at overthrowing Zhang Zuolin and Yang Yuxi. [11] [4] Guo’s troops totaled 50,000 people and was the most elite force in the army. [18] Guo issued an electricity [14] : 365 , and suddenly rebelled against self-reliance, known as the "National Fourth Army" or "Northeast National Army" [14] : 363 . It lasted only one month and one day. [14] : 363 Zhang Zuolin was unprepared and sent Zhang Xueliang to collect people’s hearts. On November 26, Zhang Xueliang made a special trip to Qinhuangdao by the Zhenhai gunboat . On November 26, Guo will use Jiang , the former superintendent of Anhui, who was detained in Zhangzhou on November 23rd to shoot and decide to counter the determination of Zhang and to respond to Guo Jun’s interception at Shanhaiguan. On November 28, Guo Songling captured Shanhaiguan . On November 30, the headquarters was transferred to Shanhaiguan and the troops were renamed the “Northeast National Army .” Entering Manchuria on December 1 [18] Occupying Jinzhou on December 7. Under a strong offensive, Zhang Zuolin once considered the outfield. [19]
The Japanese did not like Zhang and his son, but the two evils were light, and the Japanese were even more afraid that the “national army” would enter the Manchu continent with Communist colors. [14] : 365 At this time, the Japanese side took into account the possibility of the transition of generations of Manchu warlords from generation to generation. On the other hand, it also took into consideration the association of Guo Tongfeng and Feng Yuxiang, warning that they may be affected by the Chinese Nationalist Party . [18] The Kwantung Army judged Guo's intention to "deport Zhang himself, clearly implement the Three People's Principles of the Chinese Kuomintang , involve the three eastern provinces in the war, and recruit Soviet forces into Manchuria, inducing Japan's defense and Manchu policies to be unforgivable. situation". [18] Mantetsu president Yasuhiro with Ichiro believe that Guo's rebellion will succeed, "the Northeast was communization movement ravaged, I am afraid there will be a full no iron and Kanto states there is a" free zone. ' "So he's worried that interest in Japan Damaged.
Mukden of Yoshida Consul General and Tianjin Arita Hachiro Consul General to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports authorities, Guo refers to as master of Manchuria, Manchuria and out of the KMT will be more frequent, increasing the threat of Communist takeover that should continue to maintain the status quo Chang Tso-lin forces. [20] The Japanese government believes that the Manchuria issue is China’s “local situation,” and that in 1924, the foreign minister, Nijibara Motoki, had previously adjusted his foreign policy towards China and established a new “reasonable safeguard of reasonable interests and non-interference in China’s internal affairs”. policy. Yu Yicheng and Lu Yixiang thought that "the (Greater Japan) empire has given strong support to Chang Tso-lin, who is still in the doldrums, and takes active actions. This is very dangerous." [twenty one]
However, in the case of Guo Shengling’s continuous military victory, Japan took the opportunity to ask Zhang Zuolin for more benefits in Manchuria. December 7, Japan and Chang Tso-lin agreed " date Bong secret ." The Japanese finally decided not to allow Guo Jun to pass through the South Manchurian Railway and move the Japanese "residential station headquarters" into Shenyang . [14] :365 On December 8th, the Kwantung Army issued a warning to Guo, claiming that the operation was prohibited within 20 miles of the land annexed to the South Manchurian Railway. Steadfast and steady, Chang Tso-lin counterattacks on the fixed-rate department. [14] : 365-366
12月20日，郭軍攻占新民，前鋒部隊抵達巨流河（瀋陽西南）西岸，已經可以看見奉天府城燈火，只等主力部隊到達，即將渡河攻擊。12月23日，郭軍發動攻擊，側翼突然遭到日本關東軍襲擊，攻擊失利。12月24日晨，郭軍總參謀長鄒作華逼迫郭投降，郭率衛隊突圍，當晚逃至白旗堡附近，與夫人韓淑秀雙雙被奉軍吳俊陞部之旅長王永清所俘虜，解往瀋陽受審。[14]:366
12月25日，王永清等將郭松齡夫婦解往瀋陽的途中，接到楊宇霆親自下達的命令：就地槍決，因此，郭松齡夫婦在奉天省遼中縣老達房被槍決，屍首被運回奉天的府城 -瀋陽，並在小河沿體育場曝屍3日。郭松齡年43歲。韓淑秀年35歲。[22][11][4]

身後[編輯]

12月初，馮玉祥揮戈東向，向已宣布「脫離奉系」之直隸督辦李景林大舉進攻，搶奪直隸省，霸佔天津；也突然奪取闞朝璽熱河省。[14]:367在北京，馮玉祥驅策段祺瑞。[14]:367事件後，馮玉祥被追逼。1926年（民國15年）1月初，張作霖父子乃整編殘部，率師再度入關。[14]:368守關原「叛將」魏益三不支，率其「國民四軍」逃往保定。[14]:368張學良精銳乃佔領灤州，直指天津。[14]:368馮玉祥宣布下野，並經外蒙古逃往蘇聯。[23]

參考文獻[編輯]

引用[編輯]

  1. 移至^ 多數資料稱其1883年生。劉主編（2005）、1841頁作生於1882年。
  2. 移至^ 徐主編（2007）、1267頁
  3. 移至^ 任・武（2005）、420－421頁
  4. ^ 移至：4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 劉主編（2005）、1841頁
  5. 移至^ 郭大鳴：「先兄郭松齡將軍傳」，《傳記文學》第十六卷第二期，台北：傳記文學出版社
  6. ^ 移至：6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 唐德剛著、張學良口述：《張學良口述歷史》，台北：遠流出版，2009年3月1日初版
  7. 移至^ 任・武（2005）、第421頁
  8. 移至^ 徐主編（2007）、第1267－1268頁
  9. 移至^ 司馬桑敦. 張學良評傳. 台北: 傳記文學出版社. 1989-07-01.
  10. 移至^ 任・武（2005）、第421－422頁
  11. ^ 移至：11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 徐主編（2007）、第1268頁
  12. 移至^ 任・武（2005）、第422頁
  13. 移至^ 任・武（2005）、第422-423頁
  14. ^ 移至：14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 唐德剛：〈從北京政變到皇姑屯期間的奉張父子〉，刊唐德剛著、張學良口述：《張學良口述歷史》，台北：遠流出版，2009年3月1日初版
  15. 移至^ 任・武（2005）、第423-424頁
  16. 移至^ 任・武（2005）、第424－425頁
  17. 移至^ 任・武（2005）、第425－426頁
  18. ^ 移至：18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 臼井（1971）、第8頁
  19. 移至^ 任・武（2005）、第427－428頁
  20. 移至^ 臼井（1971）、第8－9頁
  21. 移至^ 臼井（1971）、第9－10頁
  22. 移至^ 任・武（2005）、第428－429頁
  23. 移至^ 臼井（1971）、第11－12頁

來源[編輯]

書籍
  • 任松、武育文. 郭松齢. 民國人物伝 第12巻. 中華書局. 2005. ISBN 7-101-02993-0.
  • 徐友春 主編 (編). 民國人物大辭典 増訂版. 河北人民出版社. 2007. ISBN 978-7-202-03014-1.
  • 劉國銘 主編 (編). 中國國民黨百年人物全書. 団結出版社. 2005. ISBN 7-80214-039-0.
  • 臼井勝美. 日中外交史　北伐の時代. 塙書房. 1971.
  • 郭大鳴. 先兄郭松齡將軍. 《傳記文學》 (傳記文學出版社).
  • Research Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica. General Guo Songxi returned to Feng Tian. Mr. Qi Shiying's visit record. Academia Sinica Institute of Modern History. 1990. ISBN  957-9046-32-8 .
Related Multimedia Resources in Wikimedia Commons : Guo Songling

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